This blog last year featured the publication of the first volume of the “Satoyama Initiative Thematic Review” (SITR), containing insights from analysis of landscape-management case studies related to “enhancing knowledge for better management of socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes”, and the publishers are pleased to share with readers that the second volume has been published and is now available for download.
Read more »Landscape is about people. "Landscape", according to the European Landscape Convention “means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors”.
Read more »Few weeks ago (4th October 2016), there was a post in this blog that introduced the landscape approach as a way of governance that is holistic and takes into account all: the biophysical environment, the human processes, and the well-being; an approach that requires the cooperation of different disciplines and sectors. In today’s post, we present how this landscape approach has been captured and implemented by many initiatives all over Europe. We call these initiatives integrated landscape initiatives.
Read more »Cultural landscapes are under threat of disappearance. Many cultural landscapes are defined by a structure that is labor intensive, a low level of intensity that makes them less competitive on a global-scale market, yet a high value and meaning to society that is, however, difficult to quantify, and therefore difficult to manage. How could the cultural landscapes of Europe look in the future? What are the large-scale processes steering these changes? How do these work out with decisions of land owners? In WP5, we addressed these questions using scenario analysis, modelling landscapes changes at EU scale and landscape scale, and consultation of stakeholders through surveys and workshops.
Read more »While the European Landscape Convention (ELC) has attracted attention from the sciences, policy makers and the general public to the nature of cultural landscapes, more needs to be done to implement it.
Read more »Which land-use changes are currently occurring in Europe’s cultural landscapes and where might these changes threaten the persistence of these landscapes? These are questions of great importance for safeguarding the heritage that is contained in Europe’s cultural landscapes - and thus for the HERCULES project. The Work Package 4 team took on the challenge to seek answers to these questions.
Read more »“Everything is done for speed now, so there is no time to watch and gaze around the countryside like we used to.” Studying landscape history is not about getting nostalgic about the good old times – despite sometimes it’s tempting… especially, as long as we simply look at the appearance, and don’t think about what and especially who shaped the traditional cultural landscape into a beautiful arrangement of habitats, structures, elements and outlooks. It is people, who did it all, by using and managing in their daily activities the natural resources surrounding them. For sure, sometimes these people had time to gaze around the countryside, but most of the time, their backs were bent and they were concentrating on their tools and the ground they worked.
Read more »When the idea of submitting a proposal for a project that would deal with “cultural landscapes” came up in 2012, there was a lot of ambiguity to what cultural landscapes are and what the proposal should be about. Yes, there were the specifications of the call, but even in these cultural landscapes were mostly linked with “heritage” as well as with society and its values and the environment. The HERCULES team had a slightly different understanding of the concept, linking cultural landscapes with an evolving and changing perception of space and its management (fortunately the reviewers accepted this more dynamic view). This ambiguity guided also the allocation of tasks within the project, as we realized that we needed to carefully scan what was the “state of the art” in cultural landscape science. At the heart of our interest were the questions of how, why and how fast cultural landscapes changed. In addition, we were interested in reviewing more practical and “hands on” initiatives related with cultural landscapes management and conservation. This was the task of Work Package 1 (I will leave the conception that this kind of work can be meaningfully divided into “packages” for a future discussion…).
Read more »The third and final Estonian stakeholder feedback workshop in work package 8 took place on 28th of May 2016 on a Peipsi barge called Jõmmu. The main focus of the previous stakeholder meetings has been fallen on linguistic and archaeological heritage that both relate to landscape. The former Kodavere parish (currently divided by seven different municipalities (Alatskivi, Kasepää, Pala, Peipsiääre, Saare, Tartu, Vara and Kallaste town) had its distinctive vernacular dialect (the launch of ABC-book on Cultural Landscape Day) and costumes, which have witnessed recent revival.
Read more »If you would like to shape the future agenda of European landscape research, please participate in our prioritization exercise!
Read more »Green Week 2016 in Brussels – the large annual conference on European environmental policy – was accompanied by the third EU-level workshop of our HERCULES project. This workshop explored ideas of labelling for sustainable landscape management. In particular it seeks to elaborate how labelling can be applied for the conservation of natural and cultural heritage in landscapes – and what can be learnt for respective governance processes. Together with around 30 participants from the European institutions, government agencies, NGOs, businesses, and academia, we explored characteristics of labelling initiatives in Europe and their contributions as governance innovations to sustainable land management. So what did we learn? Here are some random thoughts from the workshop:
Read more »On April 21st, during the last Consortium Assembly, a workshop was organized with local stakeholders in Pappados, a village overlooking the Eastern Bay of Gera in the island of Lesvos, Greece. This was the third workshop on the Case Study island and aimed to present and discuss the findings of local project work undertaken throughout the previous summer while also hoping to validate an agent-based landscape change model. Maps depicting alternative landscape futures for the region and assumptions of the model were discussed and debated with locals, primarily farmers, in a lively event that lasted well over its scheduled meeting time.
Read more »Forests provide crucial services for human well-being and economic development. They provide food, freshwater and fuel, support soil formation, regulate floods, climate and diseases, and can fill educational, medicinal, aesthetic and spiritual needs. They stabilize ecosystems, play an integral part in the carbon cycle, support livelihoods, and supply other goods and services that drive sustainable growth. Yet, forests are under stress from overexploitation, pollution, population pressure and the expansion and intensification of agricultural practices. With the additional impacts of climate change, forests are further threatened, and these adverse events may further impact land quality – leading to biodiversity loss, food insecurity, increased pests, reduced availability of clean water and increased vulnerability to environmental changes.
Read more »We are all familiar with the idea of “case studies” as one of the means used in many kinds of projects and publications for demonstrating conditions and practices in landscape management. Case studies can show what does and does not work, provide lessons that may or may not be replicable in different landscapes, or just contain basic information that adds to the overall knowledge base. Just collecting this kind of information can itself be a difficult and time-consuming endeavor. But how many of us actually take the time to comb through others’ collections of case studies? Without careful thought to how relevant information can be effectively extracted and used, there is a risk that case study collection will result in a glut of data from which it is impossible to gain useful knowledge. With this in mind, the first volume of the “Satoyama Initiative Thematic Review” (SITR) was recently published, containing insights from analysis of landscape-management case studies that should be useful to many Cultural Landscapes Blog readers.
Read more »The value of agricultural areas goes far beyond food services. When management is set to enhance various natural elements like valuable roadside vegetation, buffer strips nearby streams, orchards and hedgerows in agricultural landscapes, these areas can provide a multitude of other services to society.
Read more »Glaciers are a fascinating landscape feature of alpine regions. As such, they are perceived and valued by locals and tourists alike. Today, the public at large is aware that most of these alpine glaciers are melting, a lot of them at an alarming rate. This development started with the end of the little ice age around 1850 and in recent years has greatly accelerated due to anthropogenic climate change.
Read more »Europe contains landscapes that are breathtakingly beautiful – and essential for wildlife, communal activities, human wellbeing and local economies. An EU-funded project brings together data on how these landscapes are changing, to help manage them wisely for the long term. Think of the most beautiful regions in Europe, such as the petrified forests of Lesvos or the Armorique in Brittany. Over the years, these landscapes – and many others – have changed. Today, modern land use, the rural exodus to cities and the expansion of towns are altering them faster than ever before.
Read more »Food production has increased many folds since the advent of sophisticated farm inputs, better farm management practices, and technologies delivering greater food security around the world - saving over a billion people from starvation. Agriculture has involved developing high-yielding crop varieties, expanding irrigation infrastructure, modernizing management techniques, distributing hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and crop protection to farmers. Since then, agriculture has seen big changes in production methods, including increased mechanization and farm consolidation. These developments have been accompanied by reductions or even the removal of margins, hedges, ponds, and other uncultivated areas rich in biodiversity.
Read more »Landscapes are spaces that have been appropriated, imprinted, and divided through the efforts of humans. Whether farmer, forester, fisher, conservationist, local politician, tourism manager or simply a resident, such people put value on and use the natural and culturally created potential of landscapes in very different ways that seem to inevitably lead to conflict. Thus, it would appear that a responsible approach to landscape development can only be successfully brought into existence through a process of collective debate, discussion and even argument between various kinds of people. Landscape art offers myriad possibilities for providing potent impulses that can enable people with their own specific ideas, experiences, and knowledge to take part in the debates and discourse on how to shape the landscapes they are involved in.
Read more »The HERCULES project would like to announce the launch of HERCULES Labs, our new online tool for the landscape community to browse and share ideas about good practices in landscape management. A key objective of the HERCULES project is to strengthen the collaborative network of the landscape community. One way to do this is through the collection and dissemination of good landscape practices. We have developed an online tool called HERCULES Labs where members of the landscape community, be they practitioners, policy makers or scientists, can view a diverse range of good practices and initiatives that we have already gathered in our work, as well as add their own ideas and perspectives.
Read more »Biodiversity protection needs space, and this resource is sparse in most agricultural landscapes. The Eh da-initiative which started in Germany raises the question if more space than generally considered for bees (wild bees as well as honeybees) in agricultural landscapes is available, how this space - if it should be available - can be used, and how an initiative in order to promote bees can be implemented.
Read more »If instead of the destructive instrumentalism in relation to a natural world stripped of its value in the search of financial resources to satisfy human beings’ demand for pleasure, power and profit, which has prevailed in recent centuries, human imagination and creativity acknowledge the inherent value in other beings, the results are often precious examples of synergy and symbiosis between various elements of nature and human culture.
Read more »Green Week 2015 (www.greenweek2015.eu) in Brussels – the large annual conference on European environmental policy – was accompanied by the second EU-level workshop of our HERCULES project. This workshop addressed a central issue of the project: The emergence of collaborative approaches to landscape stewardship across Europe. Together with around 50 participants from the European institutions, government agencies, NGOs, businesses, and academia, we intended (1) to explore the characteristics of landscape stewardship initiatives in Europe and their contributions to sustainable land management, (2) to discuss the role of landscape stewardship in EU rural development policies, and (3) to examine how Europe could contribute towards making innovative models of landscape stewardship more effective. So what did we learn? Here are my random thoughts:
Read more »Many rural landscapes are shaped by centuries of agricultural land use. As agricultural land use practices change, landscapes transform. In fact, transformation is a key-characteristic of any agricultural landscape. Most of these transformations occur without major notice. Others, however, are perceived as unwelcome and result in requests for landscape stewardship interventions. But who is responsible for defining the stewardship goals and the interventions needed for agricultural landscapes, for implementing and bearing the extra efforts or forgone profits?
Read more »Citizen science has played an increasingly important role in recent decades as the top-down approach to natural resource management has been rejected due to its social, environmental, and economical unsustainability. An alternative approach to top-down management that recognizes community stewards and citizen science programs as valuable partners in management and regulatory decision-making is recommended in the literature as a best practice in resource management, and the significance of its emerging role highlighted. This shift is reflected globally through policy initiatives of the United Nations such as Agenda 21 or the Aarhus Convention, which emphasized that the environmental challenges faced by societies worldwide cannot be dealt with by public authorities alone.
Read more »A defining feature of integrated landscape management is long-term multi-stakeholder partnership among different groups of land managers and resource users. Agreeing on and sustaining good landscape stewardship at scale builds on effective partnerships at multiple levels. These ideas are not new, and thousands of landscape initiatives are underway today around the world based on multi-stakeholder partnership models. Methods and tools have been developed to support partners who come from very different perspectives to collaboratively assess their landscapes, negotiate priority objectives, design strategies and interventions, sustain partnership processes and monitor for adaptive management. Policymakers at national and international levels are beginning to recognize the value of landscape partnerships, with their focus on local development, social, environmental and cultural priorities, for shaping high-level strategies to achieve national goals and ensure we live within planetary ecosystem boundaries.
Read more »A while ago, the HERCULES project was endorsed by the ICSU/UNESCO-Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society (PECS) a global initiative to strengthen place-based, long-term social–ecological case studies. As a contribution to a special issue on PECS in “Ecology & Society”, the HERCULES partners have reflected on the contributions of cultural landscape research to the study of ecosystem change and society.
Read more »Our landscapes; our privilege; our responsibility. This is, simply put, the concept of landscape stewardship. As the word itself suggests, a stewardship approach implies that we manage our landscapes and the resources contained therein not only assuming that we have rights (typical of owners) but also on a realization that we have corresponding duties (typical of caretakers). It is an approach fundamentally based on several core tenets of sustainability, intra and intergenerational equity, inclusiveness, and the safeguarding of critical ecosystem services among them.
Read more »A central tenet of the HERCULES project is that landscapes are important components of individual and societal well-being. However, people value landscapes for a variety of reasons (and these are often in conflict with each other; some people appreciate a landscape’s potential to generate wind energy, while others are fond of the aesthetic values of landscapes). In the past decades, there has been a strongly growing demand for the intangible values of landscapes, called “cultural ecosystem services”. These can be cultural heritage values, the sense of place that people ascribe to a landscape, or the potential of a landscape for tourism and recreation. The growth of private and public nature reserves, tourism facilities, second homes, hobby farms, and residential homes in the countryside can all be understood as land uses stimulated by cultural ecosystem services.
Read more »No attempt to implement the European Landscape Convention can be successful without knowing what is important to local people. In the UK the demand for a more locally focussed agenda is being met in part by the making of Community Plans, typically for a village and the land surrounding, which form a parish. In the deeper countryside, this administrative parish is often coterminous with the ecclesiastical parish centred on the parish church, and that is so in Winkleigh, the village in the middle of Devon, in South West England, which is the subject of this article.
Read more »Europe is known for its abundant and diverse cultural landscapes. In many places, the cultural or aesthetic value of these landscapes is threatened by either intensification or abandonment of agricultural practices. The effects of these processes have been addressed by local landscape preference case studies which have yielded a patchy and heterogeneous collection of evidence. This meta-study compares case studies in order to find generic and spatial patterns of landscape preferences.
Read more »Ideas and perceptions of both ‘landscape’ and ‘heritage’ lie at the heart of how identity politics are expressed and negotiated. In terms of where and how interpretations and practices of landscape and heritage come together, the most common thing to do is to categorise them along neatly bounded and essentialised spatial frameworks – usually that of the nation – in a self-referential manner. A landscape, therefore, becomes ‘Greek’ (or ‘French’, or ‘English’ or ‘Swedish’); nationalised by virtue of its supposedly self-evident ‘national’ heritage. These are heritage-landscapes that are taken for granted; that are pre-defined; and which answer questions – indeed, they must not be questioned. These are also landscapes that are usually ‘time-tagged’ – branded as ‘early modern’, ‘medieval’ or ‘ancient’; packaged so as to fit present-centred management agendas. These elements of national and temporal ‘branding’ are brought neatly together in ‘national parks’ and ‘national monuments’ – as though carefully managed 21st century landscapes and monuments are somehow not residing in the present, but actually are somehow still in the ‘medieval period’ or ‘Bronze Age’; and that Bronze Age, or perhaps Neolithic people were actually consciously ‘English’ (or ‘German’ or ‘Finnish’): consciously acting, building and maintaining these landscapes and monuments according to some sort of rule book of national performance ritual.
Read more »Landscape Initiatives foster the provision of a broad range of landscape services (such as nature conservation, sustainable and local food production, increase of local income in rural areas, preservation of traditions or historical features of landscape, etc). Having an overview of these initiatives in Europe could contribute towards making them more effective, enabling a better management of their resources and to take advantage of their potentials and to mitigate their constraints. Moreover, an exchange of experiences and ideas may be enabled, helping to inform current landscape-related policy processes, as well as national policies and regional planning. It will be particularly helpful in the context of achieving a transition towards sustainability, where Landscape Initiatives play a crucial role.
Read more »A large share of the European land is agricultural and this agricultural land has changes considerably over the last few decades. Such land use changes are the result of local conditions, such as local policy measures, cultural values, accessibility, and the local climate. Many case studies have been published that describe local land use changes. This study collected available case study evidence to find general patterns in agricultural land use change in Europa and the processes causing these changes.
Read more »I was recently invited to present a seminar paper in Amsterdam, at the annual HERCULES Consortium Meeting. Bringing together geographers, ecologists, archaeologists, sociologists and anthropologists from a dozen or more countries, this project is concerned with ensuring the resilience of heritage within the cultural landscape of Europe. They are doing this task by assessing existing knowledge and management systems and developing tools for ongoing landscape observation and modelling, bringing together some sophisticated GIS applications with a variety of quantitative material (including remote sensing, land-use and census data), and qualitative material (including old postcards and oral histories). Furthermore, they also have an ambition to define some recommendations for landscape policy and practice, engaging with a range of stakeholders, policy makers and ordinary people.
Read more »Being a forest scientist by training, I recently attended the IUFRO World Forest Congress in Salt Lake City / US. With almost 4000 participants, this was probably the biggest assembly of foresters that the world has ever seen. I must admit that, being mainly involved in social-ecological landscape research, I am slightly in danger of losing my forestry roots. Indeed, this was the first forestry congress that I have been to in the past 10 years.
Read more »Food is among the elements most integral to the cultural landscapes of the European Union and its member countries. Through food, the peoples of European countries actively produce and draw substance and meaning from cultural landscapes. This realization is at the heart of recent and still expanding food cultures and movements in Europe and throughout the world. It is also relevant to current interests and projects on the EU’s cultural landscapes, where the role of food traverses the marvelous scenes of heritage-type and officially designated landscapes-such as those of the terroir products-to those of diverse and often similarly compelling non-heritage sites.
Read more »The Permanent Conference for the Study of the Rural landscape (PECSRL, http://www.pecsrl.org/) is according to its statement “an international network of landscape researchers whose interest focus on the past, present and future of European landscapes, and its members (and many others) meet every two years in a different European country for a Conference that is alive and vibrant for 26 meetings (from 1957!). The people that attend these Conferences reflect the wide diversity of the landscape concept itself, from historical geography to landscape ecology and beyond. Its most recent meeting was this September in Gothenburg and Mariestad (http://www.pecsrl2014.com/).
Read more »Cultural landscapes, the object at the heart of the HERCULES project, are shaped by long-lasting, intensive and complex interactions between people and nature. This interaction has generated values that are appreciated by society, nowadays called “landscape values“ or “ecosystem services“, but many of these cultural landscape values are in decline.
Read more »Last year the Dutch Association for Cultural Landscapes published ‘Beautiful Europe’, a book concerning changing cultural landscapes, climate change and nature in isolation. It was presented and distributed to many representatives of the European Commission and Parliament. In this context, this article discusses the baseline of greening the CAP and the protection of landscape features on farmland in Europe.
Read more »Until recently much of the research on global land-use change was focused on ‘wild’ lands and the shifting agricultural frontier, reporting trends such as deforestation, desertification, disappearance of wetlands, or burning of peatland. In the HERCULES project we acknowledge that we live in a ‘post-wild’ world today. Therefore, we need to pay equal – or if not more – attention to sustaining the values of the many landscapes of the world that have been shaped by human agency over centuries. In a recent special feature of the Ecology & Society journal, we draw attention to the fate of cultural landscapes, seeking to engage with generic processes of change by adopting and adapting an ecosystem services approach that is sensitive to local context.
Read more »What makes life good is one of humankind’s most fundamental questions. Given recent experiences of extreme droughts, soil degradation and a multitude of other existent or foreboding ecological crises around the world, there is increasing acknowledgement that human well-being is tightly linked to the natural environment. However, empirical studies that address this topic in a comprehensive manner have only recently evolved, most notably with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA 2005). Following a landscape approach with a focus on the cognitive dimension of the human-nature nexus, the HERCULES researchers Claudia Bieling and Tobias Plieninger, together with Heidemarie Pirker and Christian R. Vogl, address this topic in a new paper in “Ecological Economics” (Bieling et al. 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.05.013).
Read more »I would imagine that the concept of ‘cultural landscapes’ is not immediately obvious to the average person. So why would the European Commission want to support a collaborative research project to protect and manage cultural landscapes, called the HERCULES project? Some clarity was provided at the first Stakeholder Workshop on the project, organised by the European Landowners Organization in Brussels late last month.
Read more »HERCULES is a European project so we need to pay close attention to the definition of landscape in the European Landscape Convention, even if the EU and the Council of Europe (which promoted the convention) are different organisations. But Hercules not only concerns landscape, but also heritage, and there is also a World Heritage Convention within which are World Heritage Cultural Landscapes. I want to suggest that the concepts of landscape (and indeed of heritage) within these two conventions are very different indeed, and largely oppose each other. This creates difficulties for us, which so far do not appear to be much resolved.
Read more »We appreciate cultural landscapes – those landscapes of distinct human shape that surround us – for many different motivations, whether as cultural heritage, arena for recreation, or for their environmental virtues. Many cultural landscapes are undergoing major changes, with agriculture and urbanization being the most important drivers of change in Europe. There is widespread concern that increasing standardisation puts the social and ecological values of cultural landscapes at risk. At the same time, integrated approaches to cultural landscapes – combining safeguarding of biodiversity and ecosystem services, agricultural commodity production, rural development, and heritage conservation within landscapes – are increasingly recognised for their potential to the solution of many of today’s global challenges and for their contributions to people’s identity and quality of life.
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